NAME

v.to.points

Returns a point interpolated along a line. First argument must be a LINESTRING. Second argument is a float8 between 0 and 1 representing fraction of total linestring length the point has to be located. See STLineLocatePoint for computing the line location nearest to a Point.

- Creates points along input lines in new vector map with 2 layers.

KEYWORDS

vector, geometry, 3D, line, node, vertex, point

SYNOPSIS

v.to.points --help

Table of contents

• EXAMPLES

DESCRIPTION

v.to.points creates points along input 2D or 3D lines,boundaries and faces. Point features including centroids and kernelsare copied from input vector map to the output. For details see notesabout type parameter.

The output is a vector map with 2 layers. Layer 1 holds the categoryof the input features; all points created along the same line have thesame category, equal to the category of that line. In layer 2 eachpoint has its unique category; other attributes stored in layer 2are lcat - the category of the input line and along- the distance from line's start.

By default only features with category are processed,see layer parameter for details.

NOTES

The dmax parameter is the maximum limit but not an exactdistance. To place points with exact distance from the beginning ofthe vector line the user should usev.segment.

Set layer to -1 to process features from all layers includingfeatures without category. Features will be assigned new uniquecategories at layer 1. Option layer=-1 should be used toconvert boundaries, as in most of cases boundaries lack categoryvalues.

The type parameter is used to control which input vectorgeometry types to convert into points. Some caveats to consider aboutthis parameter:

• Points and centroids can be considered as 'lines' with only one node. Consequently, the result of selecting point or centroid as the type parameter is that all points/centroids get written into the output vector map. The original category numbers of the input points/centroids get written to the 'lcat' attribute in layer 2 of the output vector map. All values for along are zero in the output vector map, as only point geometry was used for input (there is no linear distance to calculate along, as each point/centroid is the start and end of its own 'line').
• Boundaries are treated as lines, with points getting interpolated along the boundary perimeter according to dmax. If two adjoining polygons share a topological boundary, the boundary only gets converted to points once.
• If the type parameter is set to area, the boundary of each area is converted to points regardless of whether or not there is a topological boundary between adjacent areas. In other words, the common boundary of two adjoining areas, for example, gets converted to points twice. The centroid is not converted to a point in the output vector for type=area.

The use=vertex option is used to digitize points that fall onthe line's vertices only. Parameter dmax is ignored inthis case. Similarly to use=node when only line's node areused. To filter only starting/ending nodes use use=start/end.

If the -i flag is used in conjunction with the use=vertex option,v.to.points will digitize points on the line vertices, aswell as interpolate points between line vertices using dmax asthe maximum allowable spacing.

Use the -p flag to treat dmax as a percentage of each linelength. For example, to get points created for the beginning, middle and endonly, use the -p flag and set dmax so that:

Hence, if dmax is between 0.5x and 1.0x the line length, you willalways get points created at exactly the beginning, middle and end ofthe input line.

Use the -r flag to create points starting from the end node.

EXAMPLES

Points along the input lines

In this example, the 'railroads' vector lines map of the North Carolinasample dataset is used to create points along the input lines:

Extract nodes as points

Extract starting/ending nodes as points

SEE ALSO

v.segment,v.split,v.to.rast,v.to.db

AUTHOR

Radim Blazek
Updated to GRASS 7 by Martin Landa, Czech Technical University inPrague, Czech Republic

SOURCE CODE

Available at: v.to.points source code (history)

Main index Vector index Topics index Keywords index Graphical index Full index

© 2003-2020GRASS Development Team,GRASS GIS 7.8.3dev Reference Manual

Available with 3D Analyst license.

The Interpolate Shape tool converts a 2D point, polyline, or polygon feature class into a 3D feature class by interpolating z-values for input features from a surface. The input surface can either be a raster, triangulated irregular network (TIN), or terrain dataset.

Attributes from the input are copied to the output.

The interpolation Method argument is used to specify the type of interpolation to use. When the input surface is a raster, the only option is bilinear. This uses a weighted average between the four closest cell centers surrounding the interpolation point. When the input surface is TIN or terrain, you may choose between linear, the default, natural neighbors, or one of four conflation options.

Linear	Uses a weighted average of the three nodes of the triangle containing the interpolation point.
Natural Neighbors	Uses the Voronoi neighbors of the interpolation point.
Conflate Z Min	Obtains z from one of the TIN or terrain's natural neighbors of a query point. The z of the neighbor with the minimum height is used.
Conflate Z Max	Obtains z from one of the TIN or terrain's natural neighbors of a query point. The z of the neighbor with the maximum height is used.
Conflate Z Nearest	Obtains z from one of the TIN or terrain's natural neighbors of a query point. The z of the neighbor closest in x,y to the query point is used.
Conflate Z Closest To Mean	Obtains z from one of the TIN or terrain's natural neighbors of a query point. The z of the neighbor that is closest to the average height of all the neighbors is used.

The Sample Distance is a floating-point value used by lines and polygons. The Sample Distance is used to control the frequency at which interpolation occurs along lines and polygon boundaries. Output vertices will be spaced no farther apart than this distance. Generally, the smaller the sample distance, the higher the frequency, and the closer the output feature geometry conforms to the surface.

When the input surface is a raster, the default Sample Distance is set equal to the cell size. A smaller value can be specified, but it's recommended that you not go below one-half a cell size because it cannot provide any additional information, as the surface, constrained by its resolution, has no more detail to offer. Also, keep in mind, smaller sample distances require more resources. Switching from a one-cell sample distance to a half-cell sample distance can double the output vertex count with only slight improvement in accuracy. Larger distances can also be given, in which case less detail about the surface is captured.

When the input surface is a TIN or terrain, there is no default Sample Distance. With no sample distance specified, the tool will sample lines and polygon boundaries at their original vertex locations plus where these features cross triangle edges. Sampling at edge intersections is appropriate when using linear interpolation because it captures all detail available from the linear surface, where each triangle is a plane, without over- or undersampling.

When the input surface is a TIN or terrain and a Sample Distance is specified, the sampling strategy varies based on the chosen interpolation method. If natural neighbors is used, features will be sampled based on the sample distance plus where features cross hard breakline edges. If linear interpolation is used, features will be sampled based on the sample distance plus where features cross any triangle edges. As a general rule, a sample distance should be specified when using natural neighbors and should not be when using linear.

The following table gives insight into setting a sample distance based on the chosen interpolation method.

Setting interpolation methods and sample distances for input surfaces

Interpolation method

Interpolation method	Sample distance	Description
TIN/Terrain Surface—Linear Interpolation Method	A value is added (on).	Interpolation focuses at the specified sample distance, as well as at the edge intersections.
TIN/Terrain Surface—Linear Interpolation Method	Left blank (off).	Interpolation densifies only at edge intersections. Not utilizing the sample distance is recommended for linear interpolation.
TIN/Terrain Surface—Natural Neighbors Interpolation Method	A value is added (on).	Interpolation focus is by the given sample distance, as well as hard-edge intersections. When using a natural neighbors interpolation method, it is recommended that you set a sample distance.
TIN/Terrain Surface—Natural Neighbors Interpolation Method	Left blank (off).	Interpolation focus is at edge intersections.
Raster Surface—Bilinear Interpolation Method	Left blank (on).	Interpolation focus defaults to the cell size.
Raster Surface—Bilinear Interpolation Method	A value is added (on).	Interpolation focus is by the given sample distance.

An optional Z factor may be used to convert z-units. Output z-values are multiplied by this factor. A default value is calculated to place z-values in the same units as x,y if x,y and z-units are defined in the input surface's spatial reference and the coordinate system is not geographic (for example, decimal degrees).

The optional Interpolate Vertices Only parameter ignores a sample distance and only uses input vertex locations for the interpolation. If any vertices for a shape fall off the surface, that shape is not written to output. However, if a portion of a feature does in fact fall off the surface, it may still be output as long as there are no vertices along the portion that is not on the surface (for example, the middle of a line segment).

Regardless of any settings or options, if a feature falls entirely off the surface, it will not be written to the output.

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